9- 12 Alcohol consumption in parents has a negative effect on children’s psychological welfare, irrespective of the intensity of other psychiatric disorders, the parents’ level of education, economic difficulties, or living conditions. 5 Opioid narcotics can result in intoxication, medical and social problems, 6, 7 mental, and occupational disabilities, 8 and even infertility. 1, 4 In the United States (US), it is reported that 35% of men and 18% of women aged between 15 to 54 years meet the diagnostic criteria of substance abuse, at least once in their lifetime. In 2015, the Iranian Drug Control Headquarters reported that 2.8 million of Iranians aged 15-64 years were illegal drug users the average age was 32 years and the average starting age was the early 20s. 1, 2 It is particularly prevalent among young people in developing countries 3 and is often accompanied by undesirable social and economic consequences. One of the major current social dilemmas and public health challenges in Iran and worldwide is substance abuse.
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